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Industrial Centrifuges

centrifuging-process

Centrifuging-process

Milk can be consumed as a stand-alone product (whole, low-fat or skim) or can be the starting point for food industry products such as cheese, butter, yogurt, condensed milk, and ice cream. In order to process milk and other dairy products, you need specialized dairy production equipment which then encapsulates different processes such as pasteurization, homogenization, and fermentation.

Dairy

Parenteral preparations refer to drugs using non-oral means of administration. Injectables, such as needles and syringes, are used to deliver a drug into the systemic circulation directly in the veins, muscles, under the skin, or in the tissue.

These parenteral formulations are pharmaceutical dosage forms that have strict regulations on being sterile, pyrogen-free, and free from visible particulate matter including reconstituted sterile powders. Solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and gels with APIs intended for administration by injection are usually supplied in vials, ampoules, pre-filled syringes, or pens to facilitate ease of use.

Injectables

Ancient civilizations discovered that plant extracts were useful for the treatment of pathologies. The origin of plant extraction cannot be specifically verified, but we can infer that the earliest attempts at plant extraction were more intuitive than scientific. Today, the extraction of compounds is a precise process with plant extraction systems complimenting traditional knowledge.

Plant extracts

<p class="filterable-grid__description">Liquid dosage forms are designed for easy absorption. The body quickly carries the active ingredients through the system and triggers the required response. But the greatest advantage of this medicinal type is its flexibility in formulation and dispensation. From lotions and syrups to drops and sprays, liquid solutions can be adapted to different administration routes including parenteral, topical, and oral. The fundamental liquid dosage manufacturing process involves dissolving or suspending solutes in a fluid. But that is not enough. A precise blend of excipients is needed to make the medicine go down.</p>

Liquid dosage forms

Detergents are cleaning agents that help remove dirt and grease from porous and non-porous surfaces. Industrial production of detergents began after World War I. Still, it was after the 1950s and 1960s that the detergent industry grew exponentially due in part to the development of new detergent manufacturing equipment.

Detergents

With the increase in the world population and rising concerns for environmental sustainability, the market for suitable new protein sources is expanding rapidly. Traditional agricultural methods alone can’t deliver sufficient protein to meet the projected food demand over the next decades. Insects provide an alternative source of nutrients. But insect protein does not mean direct insect consumption. Extracting protein and amino acids from farmed insects is more sustainable and efficient. Specialized insect protein processing technology is driving the transformation toward new protein sources.

Insect protein

Industrial centrifuges are widely used for mechanical solid-liquid separation of components in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. This is achieved by rapidly rotating the contents within a container to separate fluid of different densities or to remove liquids from solids.

Batch

When drying extracted, disinfected, or primed seeds, the process can be very long, as they have high water content. Using a centrifuge that first removes the excess moisture from the surface of the seeds can reduce the drying time by hours.


<h2>Semi-automated spin-dryer for removing excess water from seeds</h2>
The Seed centrifuge small DRP-4000 from Seed Processing Holland is a centrifugal spin dryer. This equipment works on the centrifugal principle and removes the excess moisture around the seed surface. The time of centrifuging is adjustable from several seconds to minutes. A spray nozzle is mounted in the lid for rinsing during centrifuging and is activated by means of a ball valve. The valve from the machine must be connected to a water source. When centrifuging, the released water is drained through the rear of the machine. The DRP-4000 is used for centrifuging bare seeds or seeds in closed mesh bags and it is suitable for small and medium-sized manufacturers.

Seed Centrifuge Small

Centrifuging

Industrial drying machines are designed to remove moisture from your product. But the drying process must cater to variations in the state of matter and molecular structure of the input material. Industrial dryer technology exploits the modes of heat transfer (convection, conduction, radiation, evaporative cooling) to control the moisture content.

Drying

solid

Continuous

Lithium hydroxide, a lithium compound used in making lithium batteries, is indispensable in various industries such as the pharmaceutical or chemical industry as well as for the battery market. To separate lithium crystals, centrifugation is an essential component in the production process. Continuous vertical centrifuges are most frequently used to process crystalline or fibrous solids as they provide high continuous throughput and provide a guided solid transport.


<h2>Separating of crystalline, granular, and fibrous particles in a liquid</h2>
The RINA 500F Vertical by Riera Nadeu is a continuous vertical filtering centrifuge fitted with a conical rotor for the solid-liquid separation of crystalline, granular, and fibrous product solutions. It is suitable for applications separating solutions of tartaric acid, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, metformin, APIs, and in the production of explosive powders. The RINA 500F attains a high filtration rate reaching solid concentrations ranging between 30% and 80% and particle sizes between 50 and 500 µm. Adjusting the feed rate and the speed difference of the epicycloid sets the centrifuge's residence time.

A distinct feature of the RINA 500F is its extremely high capacity over its compact dimension, low weight, and accessible, continuous operation mode. When necessary, the centrifuge can also be used to wash the cake (dewatered solids) and immediately separate the mother liquors and wash liquids using two different outlets. In addition, its high centrifugal force provides efficient solid dewatering and cake washing. The RINA 500F also works in a potentially explosive atmosphere. Therefore, it can be installed with other devices such as cooling systems, CIP, and alternative provisions to adapt to the expected process and existing conditions.

Continuous centrifuge for lithium hydroxide

Industrial separation equipment encapsulates the separation process which is to separate components of a liquid mixture, for recovering dissolved solids from liquids. The choice of a suitable technology depends on the identification of the key physical or chemical property, such as size, mass, density, or boiling point, which sets the product of interest apart from the rest of the components. Separation technology is widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries for the isolation of active ingredients and high-purity chemicals. As well as in waste management and recycling industries.

Separation

liquid

Efficiently separating blood cells from plasma is key in the accuracy of diagnostic tests, as cellular fractions can create inconsistencies in final results. Centrifugation is the common technique used to separate solid particles dispersed in a liquid and efficiency depends on the rotational speed. The right centrifuge for this application could be a super centrifuge that works at higher velocities and that is capable to handle both the separation and clarification process of the plasma components.


<h2>Extracting very fine impurities</h2>
The RINA SRP C by Riera Nadeu are super centrifuges used to recover or remove suspended impurities from liquids. It has a vertical decanting tubular bowl centrifuge turning at very high speed (15.000G mini). Its high G factor generates the separation strength. The G factor, also known as RCF, relative centrifugal force, is the force exerted on the rotor contents. Solid settles and accumulates on the suspended rotor's cylindric ferrule while it clarifies the processed liquid extracted. If the rotor is full, the equipment is stopped to discharge the solid manually.

The RINA SRP C offers easy operation and requires low maintenance. A full opening casing works to lower the noise emissions, guarantee the centrifuge's safe operation, and easier extraction from the front side following GMP requirements. The casing also can regulate the temperature by installing heating and cooling coils. The heating or cooling coils either minimize heat transfer by the rotating rotor's mechanical heat or warm the product up. The RINA SRP C is also adaptable to work in an explosive hazardous area. It also can equip with CIP and SIP systems and, when necessary, install even auxiliary or complementary devices.

Blood plasma centrifuge

The battery industry requires high purity components. To obtain more than 99.5% lithium carbonate production-technologies must perform several complex steps. The lithium carbonate separation step uses a vertical peeler centrifuge to separate solid particles from liquid, where the scrapped solids are discharged through the bottom of the centrifuge vessel. It is suited for high throughput and flexibility in the filling, intensive washing, and solid discharge steps.


<h2>High rotating speed centrifuge filtering to separate mixtures</h2>
The RINA Serie 300 Vertical Automatic by Riera Nadeu are high rotating speed vertical centrifuges with automatic discharge dedicated to the solid-liquid separation of slurries. The RINA Serie 300 has two versions, particularly the 300 F filtering (“F” version) and the 300 D decanting basket (“D” version). The RINA 300F is a filtering version for separating mixtures such as lithium carbonate, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, and others. It is used when the solid suspension forms a permeable cake inside the drilled basket. The bottom of the centrifuge contains the solids automatically discharged during the scraping phase. The filtering version’s retention capacity can hold up to 55 to 1300 dm3 and varies from 500 up to 1800 mm basket diameter.

The RINA 300F is especially recommended for products requiring variable residence time when spinning and intensive washing. It features multiple configurations and working recipes, including blanketing, spinning, washing(s), automatic discharge, CIP, etc. As a result, the Rina 300F is easy to use, versatile, and low maintenance while also adaptable to work in an explosive hazardous area. It can also be manufactured in various materials, from basic steel to high-grade alloy.

Automatic centrifuge for lithium carbonate

Centrifugation is an effective method for producing cannabis extracts. The extraction process separates the extracts from the biomass material. It is essential then that a centrifuge provides high operation flexibility, the highest possible yield, and capable of handling multiple functioning steps depending on process requirements.


<h2>Horizontal batch centrifuge with automatic discharge</h2>
The RINA 700F Horizontal Automatic by Riera Nadeu is the pharmaceutical version of the RINA 700F, which has two versions: pharmaceutical and chemical; each has adjustments and modifications in terms of design for the respective industry. It is a horizontal batch centrifuge with automatic discharge (peeler centrifuge) dedicated to solid-liquid filtering separation of slurries with high rotating speeds. In addition, it is a fully automatic horizontal axis machine fitted with a scraper device for the frontal solids discharge. Depending on the requirements, the several types of functioning recipes are programmable, making them highly flexible in operation that requires intensive washing steps, the variable residence time for spinning, and large decanting or filtering surface. Therefore, the RINA 700F is highly suitable in the pharmaceutical industry, such as producing active pharmaceutical ingredients, antibiotics, salicylic acid, and many others.

The RINA 700 F Horizontal Automatic is available in basket diameters ranging from 350 to 1800 mm and an extensive range of loading capacity from 4 to 550 dm3. In addition, the RINA 700 F's unique feature allows the absolute integration through the wall in a cleanroom separating the technical area from the production area guaranteeing non-contamination of the process. As a result, the RINA 700F capacity can handle any process requirement and expected production rate.

Automatic centrifuge for cannabis

Some industries, such as petrochemical, generate large volumes of oily wastewater due to the amount of oil used. Oil and water separation is a big challenge as their densities are close, emulsion occurs, and prolonged separation time. The right centrifuge has to take all these factors into account and then must be able to handle the continuous, large capacity operation and fast separation.


<h2>Extracting two immiscible liquids</h2>
The RINA SRP S by Riera Nadeu is super centrifuges used to separate two non-miscible liquid phases of different densities, such as the purification of fuel oil, organic and inorganic products liquid/liquid separation, contractors oil purification, and many others. It has a vertical decanting tubular bowl centrifuge, turning very high speed (15.000G mini). During separation, an appropriate diaphragm and collectors capture the heavy liquid and supernatant light phase separately. Adjusting the feed rate will set the residence time of the product inside the decanting rotor.

The RINA SRP S offers easy operation and requires low maintenance. The full opening casing installed functions to lower noise emissions, guarantee the centrifuge's safe operation, and easier extraction from the front side per GMP requirements. The casing can also regulate the liquids' temperature by installing heating or cooling coils. The coils heat or cool the liquids to minimize heat transfer by the rotating rotor's mechanical heat or warm the product up. The RINA SRP S is also adaptable to work in an explosive hazardous area, install with CIP and SIP system, and install auxiliary or complementary devices when necessary.

Water oil separation centrifuge

Purification is the removal of contaminating substances and by-products to increase the level of purity of the desired substance. Considerations for choosing a suitable purification system in the industry, include the physical state of the mixture, the desired product, required level of purity, the type of mixture, heat sensitivity of the product, number of purification steps needed, and the production volume. Industrial purification systems are used for the production of pure water in the food pharmaceutical and biotech industries.

Purification

For slurries difficult to discharge, a scraper can improve process reliability, efficiency and operating cost. At a reduced speed, the scraper knife swings into the filter cake and scrapes out the product vertically downward via the discharge chute.


<h2>High solids throughput with low energy consumption</h2>
The Ferrum HCZ 1000 and 2000 centrifuges were purposely designed for high throughputs and continuous operation under the toughest conditions in the chemical and fine chemical industry. The design features are robust and very reliable in accordance to the latest standards and directives. The centrifuges are built for permanent operation under the toughest conditions.

The Horizontal chemical scraper centrifuge is widely tested for herbicides and pesticides, special applications such as ABS, iron sulphate, melamine and so on can also be developed.

Horizontal chemical scraper centrifuge

For slurries difficult to discharge, a scraper can improve process reliability, efficiency, and operating cost. At reduced speed, the scraper knife swings into the filter cake and scrapes out the product vertically downward via the discharge chute.


<h2>Easy to access centrifuge for the best inspection</h2>
The HPZ 630-1600 range from Ferrum for pharmaceutical centrifuges HPZ range from pilot plants and low volume production to production applications in the demanding pharmaceutical industry. Ferrum pharmaceutical centrifuges are used for products that can be filtered with solids concentrations from 2 w% and particle sizes of min. 4 μm.

When expecting the processing area and the internals, the entire housing is swiveled open. An optional front door further eases and improves inspection. The centrifuges can be operated in an automatic, semi-automatic, manual or service mode. With the Horizontal pharmaceutical scraper centrifuge, a wide range of production recipes can be saved.

Horizontal pharmaceutical scraper centrifuge

For transferring highly active pharmaceutical ingredients (HAPI) without contamination from the isolator centrifuge to the next process step (e.g. vacuum tray dryer).


<h2>Simple and efficient handling within the isolator</h2>
The VTC isolator centrifuge from Ferrum is designed especially for the use in an isolator.

This allows the operator contamination-free transport of toxic active pharmaceutical ingredients (HAPI) from the centrifuge to the next process step (e.g. vacuum dryer).

The solids are discharged from the basket either manually or by means of a lifting device.

The system is Suitable for pilot plants as well as small production quantities in the pharmaceutical industry.

Isolator centrifuge

The system is perfectly suited for pilot plants as well as small-quantity productions in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries.


<h2>Compact and mobile centrifugation</h2>
The mobile pilot plant centrifuge from Ferrum, combines centrifuge, control and drive components as well as inertisation system in one mobile turnkey unit. The system is perfectly suited for pilot plants as well as low volume production in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The solids are discharged vertically upward manually or using a filter bag.

Mobile pilot plant centrifuge

Discharge solids vertically upward through manual action, optionally using a filter bag or a special suction device.


<h2>Optimally designed controls for easy, efficient operations</h2>
The top discharge centrifuges from Ferrum include many application areas in the solid-liquid separation due to the modularity and the comprehensive range of optional equipment. The applications of the vertical top discharge centrifuge, range from pilot plants, small-quantity production to production applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Vertical top discharge centrifuge

A vertical peeler centrifuge is used to separate solids, usually to separate fine particles from suspension liquid feed mixtures in the pharmaceutical industry, where the scrapped solids are discharged through the bottom of the centrifuge vessel.


<h2>Excellent inspection outside and below the centrifuge basket</h2>
The Vertical Peeler centrifuge is a new development of the centrifuge type VBC-S (Vertical Bottom discharge Centrifuge - Swivel Open Housing) from Ferrum and it was specially designed for use in the demanding pharmaceutical industry.

Pharmaceutical centrifuges are used for products that can be filtered with solids concentrations from 2 w% and particle sizes of minimum 4 μm. The continuous operation of centrifuge allows all process steps are carried out simultaneously, increases the overall throughput.

The most common applications in the pharma industry are in Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), antibiotics, salicylic acid, pharmaceutical intermediate products, etc.

Vertical peeler centrifuge

Vertical Bottom discharge Centrifuges work discontinuously, discharging the solids to the bottom. They are suitable for the demanding continuous operation in the chemical and fine chemical industry or for complex pharmaceutical applications.


<h2>Efficient and reliable process cycles with low vibration</h2>
The Vertical Scraper centrifuges VBC (Vertical Bottom discharge Centrifuge) from Ferrum include many application areas in the solid-liquid separation due to the modularity and the comprehensive range of optional equipment. The solid-liquid separation is effected discontinuously in a sequence of specific process steps. The individual process steps last from a few minutes to several hours depending on the characteristics of the product.

The most common applications are in the paint industry with pigments; herbicides, insecticides and carbofuran in the agrochemical industry; antibiotics, vitamins, APIs and other intermediates in the pharma industry; and plenty of applications in the food industry.

Vertical scraper centrifuges

Pusher centrifuges are continuously operating filter centrifuges and can have several basket stages depending on the application. Widely used for processing salts, fertilizers, but also plastics, soda and cellulose.


<h2>Continuous solids throughput under the toughest conditions</h2>
Pusher centrifuges from Ferrum are continuously operating filter centrifuges that are based on the very successful Sulzer Escher Wyss design. The slurry is fed continuously to the product acceleration disc via the filling pipe. The solids are transported out of the centrifuge basket into the discharge channel, from where they leave the pusher centrifuge. The cake is cleaned in the centrifuge by adding washing liquid on to the solid cake.

Various models have been developed with basket sizes ranging from 230mm to 1200mm. The most common applications are developed in agricultural and petrochemical industries, such as filtration for obtaining zinc sulphate, lysine, nitrocellulose, sea salt, sodium carbonate, urea, Glauber’s salt, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate, linters and so on.

Pusher centrifuge

Especially designed for flue gas desulphurization, applications in coal fired power plants and waste incineration plants.


<h2>High-quality gypsum with minimal residual moisture</h2>
Gypsum centrifuges from Ferrum are used for the cleaning of the raw flue gas in a wet process with slurry of limestone to form gypsum; this process is called dewatering in desulphurization.

Dewatering is effected discontinuously in a sequence of specific process steps, which are filling, intermediate centrifugation, washing, centrifugation, scraping/solids discharge and residual heel removal.

With this system you will realize trouble-free solid-liquid separation with maximum performance, minimum energy consumption and consistent, reproducible product quality.

Also the gypsum centrifuges can be used in the construction industry instead of being dumped in environmentally harmful landfill sites.

Gypsum centrifuge

Food manufacturing facilities, bakeries, or restaurants are ridden with efficiency-related issues regarding the washing of trolleys, trays, or baskets. Therefore, the need for an efficient and automated washing system is undeniable. Such a system not only enhances the overall performance when it comes to cleaning regularly used equipment and tools but also reduces water and energy expenditure.


<h2><span lang="EN-US">Autonomous and economic washing system for knives, trays, and baskets</span></h2>
The BF Series by Velox Barchitta is an efficient, multi-purpose solution for a variety of routine appliances used in the food industry. The advanced rotating base design (with centrifuge and blowing module) is carefully structured to offer high sanitary solutions with optimized performance due to the thorough 360°C cleanse<span class="apple-converted-space">. </span>

The BF Series unit comes with a powerful booster pump (1.5kW) with stainless steel sprayers and pipes. This system is seamlessly designed to ensure a complete cycle at 85 °C, thus ascertaining thermal disinfection.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>

The unit is efficient in washing time (ranging from 30 seconds to 12 minutes), can rinse up to 20” with a centrifuge of up to 40”. It comes with AISI 304 high-power wash pumps (7.5 kW for BF1500 to 11kW for BF1800, BF2000, BF2200). High hygiene standards are employed by orienting the pump vertically, enabling the consistent discharge of the washing circuit. This reduces the contamination risk that comes with horizontal orientations. Additionally, the remarkable centrifuge efficiently controls the water usage and adds to the cost-effectiveness. The system has a 1.5 minute suction time, allowing quick drying for metallic materials.

The product also has a blowing module option, with four pressure pumps (5.5kW each at 2200 cm/h flow rate, 150 mbar prevalence). The optimal drying process for the metallic materials is achieved at 60°C. While for plastic, the system raises air temperature from 90-100°C via the optional blowing module.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>

The stainless steel design further adds to the durability of this unit, while retaining the outward appeal.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>

Washing cabinet for trolleys

Industrial cleaning equipment is used to wash or disinfect machinery and the production/warehouse area. It may also be used to sterilize the product, equipment, tools, floor or work surfaces and to purify or clean the product by removing impurities. Choosing a suitable cleaning system depends on the type of product or equipment to be cleaned, the sensitivity of the product to heat, pressure, and chemicals, and the level of sterility desired.

Cleaning

Industrial disinfection equipment use antimicrobial agents to destroy microorganisms found on machines, floors, walls, and other surfaces. In industry, disinfection of machinery and the production area is important to prevent product contamination which may lead to spoilage and health hazards for workers and the consumer. The choice of industrial cleaning equipment depends on the level of disinfection needed, the sanitizing agent, the size of the area or objects to be treated, and the suitable method of treatment such as sterilization, pasteurization, exposure to ultraviolet light, or chemical fogging.

Disinfection

Industrial washing systems are used to clean and disinfect a variety of items in research and manufacturing facilities. Industrial washers use solvents and cleaning agents with mechanical action to remove deposits and residues from stainless steel machinery components, empty containers, and other soiled surfaces. The selection of an industrial or commercial washer depends on the type of items and surfaces to be cleaned, the type of deposits/residue that is typically present, whether drying is required after rinsing and the level of sterilization necessary. Manufacturers will have cleaning specifications and as a result, require washers to be engineered to meet these specs.

Washing

The humble chamomile flower holds a rich blend of compounds that soothe body and mind. A natural antidepressant and anti-inflammatory, chamomile oil found its way into the earliest pharmacopeia. As more of its properties were discovered, the oil became an elemental ingredient for a vast range of pharmaceutical and cosmetic recipes. Chamomile oil processing equipment developed at the same speed, offering manufacturers multiple production techniques to extract the liquid from the precious flower.

Chamomile oil

Although primarily used as food for animals, recent studies have found that dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) could reduce heart disease risk in humans. Dried distillers grains are a cereal byproduct of the distillation process  - a mix of corn, rice, and other grains dried to 10–12% moisture. DDGS production entails processes from cleaning the grains over cooking to fermentation and drying.

Dried distillers grains (DDGS)

Glycerine is a water-soluble liquid mix of alcohol and sugar. It is a by-product of the oil and fats industry that offers added value to various industries. There are three ways to process it: transesterification, saponification, and fat splitting (hydrolysis). In 2020 these 3 forms of glycerine production reached around 4 million metric tons, with a global market of $1.68 billion.

Glycerine

Gypsum is a naturally occurring mineral that serves many purposes, with the United States producing the largest crude gypsum in the world. Cover walls, ceilings, plasters, fertilizers, cosmetics and some foods: gypsum’s vast applications granted it the recognition of "wonder mineral". Gypsum making equipment helps in making gypsum powder or board for industrial use.

Gypsum

Forged metal objects appear seamless, simple items. But as the use of metals changed over time and constructions became more intricate with additive manufacturing, a new way of processing materials surfaced. Metal powder manufacturing replaces the classic blacksmithing techniques, reducing scrap waste in the meantime. The final metal products, however, retain that shiny allure of the archetypal metal pieces.

Metal powder

Molasses production has been popular worldwide since the discovery of the Americas when sugar cane was introduced by the Spanish and its pressed boiled juice was used to make rum. Nowadays, the most common molasses comes from sugar cane and sugar beet. Depending on the source and extraction process, you can use molasses to produce ethanol, animal feed, food, fermentation products, and many others.

Molasses

Although invented in the 1990s by Rickard Öste, oat milk has only recently grown to be one of the most popular milk alternatives in coffee shops, and it owes it to its smooth mouthfeel and creamy texture. Extracted the plant materials from oats with water, this non-dairy milk is high in fibers, low in saturated fats, and eco-friendly. Oat milk processing equipment helps prepare raw materials, starting with harvest over kilning and making them into flakes or flour, and mixing the prepared materials with water and enzymes.

Oat milk

Fish oil was a folk remedy long before scientists identified the nutritional value of essential fatty acids. But Omega 3 processing has come a long way since the days of raw fish parts fermenting in a barrel. In fact, new supplement formulations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may not use fish at all.

Omega 3 oil

Few inventions in the history of civilizations have been as pervasive and impactful as that of paper, some 2,000 years ago. But the sheets used in documents just a few centuries ago seem like a different material compared with the paper products of our times. The refined stock that makes anything from egg trays and tissue paper to diaper linings needed other inventions to come about. These innovations are their own class of process equipment: paper pulp manufacturing technology.

Paper pulp

The billions of microbes living in our gut have a significant impact on gastrointestinal health, mood, and behavior. Every individual develops their microbiome community. Probiotic processing technology makes sure that harmful bacteria never outnumber good citizens.

Probiotics

It took the scientific community almost 70 years to agree on the name ‘protein’ and discard the popular alternative, proteid. But protein powder processing still needed another five decades to be commercialized in the 1950s. Once extraction and purification could be industrialized, protein powder soon became a basic staple supplement.

Protein powder

The rapeseed flower evolved high concentrations of substances that are anti-nutritive at best and toxic at worst. But new varieties developed in the 1970s lowered the content of glucosinolates and erucic acids. From then, the use of oilseed rape spread to several applications, from edible oil to biofuel to animal feed. Rapeseed oil processing technology has thus become foundational to industries spanning food production, energy, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Rapeseed oil

Everything tastes like porridge, the saying goes. That may be an exaggeration, but in theory, reaction flavors could make everything taste the same. Thankfully, flavorists and chemists in the flavor industry are more inventive than that, and colorful process flavors treat our taste buds to a broad palette of sensations, flavors and aromas.

Reaction flavors

Sugar is the fuel that drives photosynthesis in plants. The leafy organisms constantly convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose. But it takes manufacturers specialized sugar processing technology to extract the sweet crystals from them. Today, most sugar products are derived either from sugarcane or sugar beet.

Sugar

The classification of sunflower seeds changes according to the pattern of its shell or hull. If the shell is solid black, it is an oilseed sunflower. With these, you produce sunflower oil. If the shell is striped, it is a non-oil sunflower seed or confectionery sunflower seed. These usually become snack food products. Whether to make them as snacks or oil, processing sunflower seeds include steps like drying, screening and cleaning, grading, roasting and de-hulling, flavoring, grinding, pressing, refining, and packing.

Sunflower seeds

Ancient civilizations were using yeast as it naturally occurred in bread-making and brewing. But yeast processing equipment wasn't developed and fully commercialized until the end of the 18th century. Today, this industrialized micro-organism is critical in producing biofuels and other products beyond food and drinks.

Yeast

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