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In 2009, billionaire Stanley Ho made the winning bid for a giant white truffle weighing 3.3 pounds during an auction. Price: $330,000. Looking at the price, there’s no need to explain why truffles are called the diamonds of the kitchen. After harvesting, they are selected to be sold fresh or processed to make truffle products such as truffle cream. Truffle processing involves cleaning, cutting, grinding, cooking, packaging, and sterilizing.
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Truffle processing – selection and cleaning of truffles
There are almost one hundred varieties of truffles in nature, but only nine are considered edible and can be on the market. After harvesting, the truffles are manually selected according to their shape and aroma. The best ones are sold to be eaten fresh or frozen for export. To be categorized as the best ones, apart from the tuber’s shape and size, the truffle must be hard to the touch and above all, it has to smell a little earthy.
The others instead are used for the processing of various preserved products such as truffle cream. Truffle processing to make truffle cream begins after sorting when producers brush and wash the truffles to remove the excess soil in accordance with good practice guidance.
How to make truffle cream – cooking, filling, and sterilization
To make the truffle cream, oddly enough from what the name says, truffles are not the only ingredient, but a small percentage of them. They are combined with porcini mushrooms that have been chopped into small pieces and cooked beforehand. When mushrooms are ready, producers mix and blend them with truffles until the mixture reaches the desired creamy consistency. Apart from truffles and mushroom, ingredients such as vegetable oil, salt, and aroma vary depending on the customer’s recipe.
When the mixture is ready, a volumetric dosing machine fills glass jars with the truffle cream, which a capping machine then seals immediately afterward. To extend the product shelf life and to remove the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, producers place truffle cream jars in an autoclave for sterilization. Thanks to the applied heat, you can eliminate the biological agents that compromise food safety.
How climate change is affecting the survival of truffles
It’s been a few years that truffle hunters and producers of truffle products have been worrying about truffle production. Since the 19th century, truffle production in France has dropped from 1000 tons per season to only 30 tons per season. That’s why truffles are 70% water and need rain to grow; so their production is closely related to how much rain falls during the summer before the harvest. And unfortunately, over the last 40 years, summer rains have been fewer and fewer, and summers have been drier and drier.
To counteract the long-term effect of climate change on truffles, experts seek to encourage land preservation in order to safeguard the symbiosis (mycorrhiza) between the truffle and the host tree. Truffles are fruiting bodies, meaning that they need trees to grow. Unlike apples or other fruits, they grow wild underground near the trees. Truffles take sugar and water out of the trees and in return they help the host tree to reach nutrients of the soil it cannot reach by itself.
In addition to preserving the land, farmers are trying to farm truffles, but the process is not so simple and there are some varieties that cannot be cultivated at all, like Italian white. When planting a tree, you need to make sure it has the right soil conditions (well-drained soil and pH between 7.5 and 8.3) and then inoculate it with the truffle fungus. The important thing is to keep the tree healthy by watering it constantly. But even so, it may take years before you get a good harvest and there’s no guarantee that the result will be worth the effort. “Using state-of-the-art climate model projections, we predict that a significant decline of 78-100% in southern European truffle production is likely to occur between 2071 and 2100.”
