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Growing populations and intensive farming in the last centuries reduced soil nitrate levels. Aware of the risks to food security, chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed a way to industrialize synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production. They created the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis which is still used today. Manufacturers produce over a hundred million metric tons of nitrogenous fertilizers every year.

Nitrogen fertilizer

Phosphorous is literally at the root of the food industry. An essential ingredient in agriculture, it contributes to plant seed formation and root development. But farmers do not simply give their soil a dose of the chemical element. Instead, phosphorous fertilizer processing equipment blends it with other materials to manufacture effective formulas.

Phosphorus fertilizer

Sulphur

Calcium carbonate makes up almost one-twentieth of the earth’s crust. But the abundant mineral is found in many living things, including the human body. However, processing calcium carbonate extracts the multi-purpose material from inorganic sediments, namely limestone, chalk, and marble.

Calcium carbonate

imb_nea-process-en-2018-pdf

IMB_NEA-Process-EN-2018.pdf

Carbon blacks are fine pigment particles that consist mainly of carbon. Its production became popular in the second century with the establishment of paper production. Hydrocarbons such as oil and natural gas are the basic raw materials for manufacturing them. However, the properties of carbon black differ depending on the processes carried out with the use of carbon machinery and production technology.

Carbon black

As traced back to the first half of the 19th century, attempts at synthetic rubber production were simply to reproduce the original material due to the rubber shortage following World War II. Synthetic rubber production processes differentiate between producing the rubber, which can be done via solution polymerization and emulsion polymerization and creating the final product with the help of techniques such as molding and vulcanization.

Synthetic rubber

Colors present an enduring philosophical problem that generates lofty debates about subjectivism and consciousness. Meanwhile, ink manufacturing equipment turns colors into physical objects. Perhaps paradoxically, digitalization keeps fueling the use of printing ink. From custom clothing to secondary packaging to aircraft livery, inks are everywhere. Indeed, philosophical discussions are also primarily conducted in ink on paper.

Good particle size distribution and top cuts

Durable mill casing with long service life

Additional available options: tailor-made wear protection, customized grinding tools and classifier wheel type, and belt-drive

Low noise and vibrations

Classifier mills combine a grinding/milling system with a particle size classifier which continuously recirculates over-sized particles back into the grinding zone. The classifying action ensures a uniform final product with a narrow particle size distribution. Important considerations for choosing a classifier mill include the desired particle size, the maximum particle size variance allowed, and the physical properties of the material.

Classifier mills

Continuous milling is a flow production method used to grind materials without interruption. It is often used in the production of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and minerals. The material to be processed flows in at one end and the milled output flows out at the other in a continuous process. By choosing the right combination of milling technology and processing power you can obtain the desired particle size distribution in an uninterrupted stream.

Continuous milling solutions

Fine impact mills use a high-speed rotor to pulverize the material as it passes close to a serrated stator. Considerations for choosing the right fine impact mill include the size of the feed material, the desired particle size range, and the hardness of the product.

Fine impact mills

Chemical

Mineral

Industrial Milling Equipment

Milling machines are used to reduce the size of material by cutting, crushing, or grinding it. The choice of industrial milling equipment depends on the industry and the materials to work with. Besides, there is a significant difference between those aimed to remove layers from metal or other materials workpieces and those designed to reduce particle size for materials that come in bulk.

Milling

Connect directly with world leading manufacturers of industrial milling equipment and find technology to build or improve your production line.

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Industrial Milling Equipment - Making.com

Due to their potential hazardous nature, chemicals are classified for proper identification and safety during production. Chemical classification depends on their properties, structures and functions. In the chemical industry, you can regard them as basic chemicals such as acids, chemical products to produce plastic materials and finished chemicals for use in cosmetology. As a manufacturer or engineer, you want to know their reactivity when using chemical processing equipment.

Chemicals

Pigments are colorants that are not soluble in the host material and scatter light and are therefore opaque. Pigments can be organic or man-made and derive from animals, plants, rocks or minerals and metal oxides, like for example titanium oxide.

Pigment

Can it be said that we live in the Plastic age? Basically, yes. From pillows over toothbrushes, and packaging to utensils, plastic is a widely used material in our day-to-day lives. But what is it? Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic materials built of polymers that are easily shaped into various structures with the help of plastic processing equipment such as extruders and molders.

Plastics

Synthetic fertilizers are made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and are often produced as dry pellets or soluble product.

Synthetic fertilizer

Process

Continuous

Classifying

solid

Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) can be recycled back to the tire production chain and serves as a usable material in the manufacturing of rubber products

Classifier mill for recovered carbon black &ndash; Making.com

We open production technology to everyone

Making.com

Salt

To put into perspective, the average number of peanuts that you use to make a 12-ounce jar of peanut butter is 540 pieces. Peanut butter is widely used as a spread for most bread and biscuits. To make it, use raw peanuts and process them using peanut butter making machines.

Peanut butter

Horizontal grinding area

Screen netting of 0.5 - 10 mm with support material or grinding sheet

Easy, quick screen change and cleaning

Easy disassembly and assembly

Can be made inert

Metal

Pharmaceutical

Feed ingredients

We carry dozens of metals around every day. The ubiquitous smartphone is built with no less than 20 metals, each with specific behaviors and purposes. Metals are a pervasive class of materials that have defined entire eras of human development. It is no exaggeration to say that metal processing equipment is the core of our metallic world. But, paradoxically, this manufacturing technology itself is mainly made of metal.

The nearly 5,000 known minerals on earth share some characteristics to be classified as minerals – they are inorganic, solid, naturally occurring elements and have a particular chemical formula and an ordered internal geometric structure. However, minerals are not all the same. One way to divide them is based on their physical characteristics such as hardness, luster, color, and shape. For example, the diamonds we use to make jewelry are very hard minerals while talc is a soft mineral; gold is a shiny mineral while others are less so.

Minerals

Crushing is the process of applying an amplified force to a material to break it down into smaller pieces. A crusher is a machine designed to crush large chunks of material into smaller bits or a powder. They are used to reduce mineral rocks to smaller rocks, gravel, or dust. They are also used to reduce the size of waste materials for easier disposal/recycling or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials. Crusher equipment selection depends on the physical properties of the material to be processed, the in-feed size, and the desired output particle size.

Crushing

The Flake crusher from Hosokawa Alpine offers a gentle milling action which minimizes fines.

Gently crush down brittle, easily broken materials to fine particle size. Gentle milling action for minimum fines generation The Flake crusher from

Flake crusher &ndash; Making.com

Forged metal objects appear seamless, simple items. But as the use of metals changed over time and constructions became more intricate with additive manufacturing, a new way of processing materials surfaced. Metal powder manufacturing replaces the classic blacksmithing techniques, reducing scrap waste in the meantime. The final metal products, however, retain that shiny allure of the archetypal metal pieces.

Metal powder

Painting as an integral aspect of the human tradition dates to thousand years ago. Of the many properties of the product, the drying time is important to consumers. The thickness of the paint and environmental factors like humidity affect this parameter. Paint manufacturing equipment must include a humidity test chamber to assess the behavior of paint under different weather conditions.

Paint

Unlike natural resins, synthetic resins produced in the industry make up 30 to 60% of plastic composition. Silicone resins, gum arabic, epoxy resins, acrylic resin and carrageenan are some of the different types of synthetic resins that exist. You manufacture them using the chemical polymerization process. Synthetic resin making equipment can help you with that.

Synthetic resin

The inventor of the lithium-ion battery predicted that solid-state batteries would become commercially available by the mid-2020s, making them an attractive option for energy storage in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles. This battery type promises a marked improvement in safety, power, and environmental impact compared to current battery packs that use a liquid electrolyte. However, recent breakthroughs in the lab don’t automatically translate into mass production. The complex processing requires specially-designed manufacturing technology to make solid-state batteries a real solution, especially for the automotive industry.

Solid-state batteries

Laundry detergents are currently on the rise due to increasing urbanization and the need for automation. The global market will reach $98,139.7 million by 2030 from $61,711.0 in 2020, influencing the demand for laundry detergent equipment. Unlike in Western countries, powdered detergents are more popular in Asia and China because they’re cheaper.

Laundry detergent

Precise upper particle size limits and narrow particle size distribution

Direct drive design for high efficiency and low maintenance

Heavy duty design and robust mill casing/housing

Low noise and vibration

Food

Adhesives are grouped according to their form, origin - natural or synthetic - and their material joining method. You can make natural adhesives from plant and animal sources such as bones, hide and skin, agar, dextrin. Manufacturers count with adhesive making equipment to produce synthetic adhesives from organic compounds. They include epoxy adhesives, cyanoacrylates (or super glue), acrylic adhesives and so on.

Adhesives

The battery revolution is as old as the industrial revolution. But batteries only emerged as a viable power source with lithium-ion solutions in the last quarter of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Today, anything from power tools to automobiles runs on batteries, but advances in battery making equipment are eyeing more ambitious undertakings. Will we ever see battery-powered container ships? Will Battery Energy Storage Systems grow grid-scale successfully? Production technology is steadily moving towards this vision.

Batteries

The building blocks of matter have driven the imagination of philosophers, scientists, and artists for millennia. But, for manufacturers, these elements have a more concrete existence as powders. Powder processing technology conditions these primary materials to create a vast range of products, from chemicals and foods to pharmaceuticals and ceramics.

Powder

To coat your consumer products with color or taste-enhancing substances, specialized technologies are available that ensure all the contents are individually and evenly covered. The process starts with loading your goods onto rotating drums, exposing the products to spray nozzles that treat them with your prescribed coating formula.

Coating

High-quality powder coatings are often required to manufacture equipment, appliances, and vehicles to ensure product durability and longevity. A combined

Classifier mill for powder coating &ndash; Making.com

Brewers' grain, also known as brewers' spent grain or BSG, is the residue of malt and beer production. This brewing by-product is sometimes wasted causing an important environmental impact, nevertheless, with the circular economy in mind, brewers' grain processing can turn waste into value mainly for the feed and food industry, tackling some of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Brewers grain

Molasses production has been popular worldwide since the discovery of the Americas when sugar cane was introduced by the Spanish and its pressed boiled juice was used to make rum. Nowadays, the most common molasses comes from sugar cane and sugar beet. Depending on the source and extraction process, you can use molasses to produce ethanol, animal feed, food, fermentation products, and many others.

Molasses

Toast spread, oatmeal topping or salad dressing - nut butter can be used in various ways. Although in a culinary sense classified as such, peanuts, almonds, cashews and pecans, the popular choices for nut butter are, botanically speaking, not nuts. They are processed in a series of nut butter processing equipment to get the creamy, rich product ready for consumption.

Nut butter

Few inventions in the history of civilizations have been as pervasive and impactful as that of paper, some 2,000 years ago. But the sheets used in documents just a few centuries ago seem like a different material compared with the paper products of our times. The refined stock that makes anything from egg trays and tissue paper to diaper linings needed other inventions to come about. These innovations are their own class of process equipment: paper pulp manufacturing technology.

Paper pulp

Wide spectrum of materials, from wet to dry feed

Gently crushing of soft to medium-hard substances

Through these larger throughputs, a higher fineness can be achieved

Can be charged both continuously and discontinuously

Bakery production includes foods usually made from flour such as bread, biscuits, and cakes. Depending on the baked good you want to make, flour can be mixed with water or other ingredients producing a paste called dough or batter. The dough is then baked in the oven using dry heat. During baking, heat is transferred from the air to the dough, first on the surface and then in the center. Moisture and liquids escape through evaporation.

Bakery

Milk can be consumed as a stand-alone product (whole, low-fat or skim) or can be the starting point for food industry products such as cheese, butter, yogurt, condensed milk, and ice cream. In order to process milk and other dairy products, you need specialized dairy production equipment which then encapsulates different processes such as pasteurization, homogenization, and fermentation.

Dairy

Our food chain starts in the soil, growing crops and livestock. But between the fields and the stores, there is a line of industrial food processing equipment. Processes may be as minimalistic as cleaning fruit and as complex as homogenizing milk alternatives made from pressed legumes. In each case, processing technology is an important link in the food production chain.

Eating is more than just nutrition, but we have found ways to increase the nourishing power of our foods. Nutraceuticals manufacturing, from vitamin C powder and probiotics to omega 3 oil, is a concentration of natural ingredients and health supplements that complement our diets. While dietary supplements are not quite haute cuisine, the process of extraction and purification is no less a blend of science and art.

Nutraceuticals

Pharmaceutical powders provide longer shelf life and better stability than liquid dosage forms. But the processing of pharmaceutical powders is crucial for growing segments besides pharmacy. Functional foods and cosmetics formulated with active ingredients and excipients depend on powdered forms to fulfill their promises.

Pharmaceutical powder

Pharmaceutical developments walk side by side with health advances to provide new medicines, treatments, and therapies that have increased life quality and extended life expectancy by years. Pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment helps deliver products to a great deal of the population, but there’s a significant share that doesn’t benefit from them yet. Over 2 billion people cannot get the medicines they need, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and local production might be a way to provide for these people.

Pharmaceuticals

During the Middle Ages, sugar sweets were a delicacy only for the rich due to the high cost of sugar. Thankfully, the discovery that sugar could be extracted from sugar beets made sweets affordable for everyone. The sweet category is broad, covering chocolates, chewing gums, sugar candies, and candied/glazed products with sugar. To make these confections, sugar manufacturing equipment needs to cover different steps within the production line such as sugar dissolution, syrup cooking and cooling.

Sweets

Among all dosage forms in use today, tablets constitute the most common one. They are pharmaceutical solid dosage forms containing active ingredients and excipients such as diluents, binders, glidants, and lubricants. Using tablet making equipment, these solid dosage forms are made by compression of granules or powder blends and then shaped by molding.

Tablets

The Bexmill from Hosokawa Alpine is a Conical gentle crusher with a conical shape, used to crush soft to medium-hard substances.

For the gentle crushing of soft to medium-hard substances. Widely used in food industries for size reduction, pulverization, deagglomeration or delumping

Conical gentle crusher &ndash; Making.com

For growth, a plant needs <a href="https://making.com/nitrogen-fertilizer">nitrogen</a> compounds. Proteins are essential for all living organisms and are composed of nitrogen-containing the necessary 21 amino acids. As only a few microorganisms are capable to absorb elemental nitrogen from the air, high-yield agriculture needs fertilizer added to the soil. Apart from nitrogen, <a href="https://making.com/phosphorus-fertilizer">phosphorus</a> and potassium are two essential macro elements for plant growth. Phosphorous compounds are needed for the energy transfer of living organisms and potassium is responsible for the osmotic flow in cells. In addition to these main components, a lot of microelements are needed for healthy plant vegetation, these micro compounds are also mixed into the fertilizer.

<h2>Synthetic fertilizer processing</h2>
Fertilizer plants produce so-called NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) fertilizers, a mixture of the three major elements for good quality and quantity of crops. The most important nitrogen fertilizer is ammonium nitrate. Elemental nitrogen of air and hydrogen of natural gas form ammonia. One part is oxidized to nitrous oxides, absorbed by water to form nitric acid. The reaction of this acid with ammonia forms the base of nitrogen fertilizer. As ammonium nitrate is explosive, to counter this, limestone or dolomite powder is mixed with the melted compound. Another synthetic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, has raw materials that consist mostly of minerals, like several apatites. The insoluble compound is treated with sulphuric acid to form the fertilizer superphosphate. Potassium compounds (mainly chloride, sulfate, and carbonate) are other minerals.

When making fertilizer, the different compounds are granulated and blended together with the help of a rotating drum. The fertilizer now takes its shape in the form of small beads. Any oddly sized beads are then taken out, after which the rest has inert dust applied which helps the fertilizer to keep its moisture. The beads are then dried and transported to a bagging machine.

Due to the explosive attributes of ammonium nitrate, limestone or dolomite is blended with the pure compound of nitrogen fertilizer. An additional important side effect of adding this alkaline material is to neutralize the acidification of the soil caused by the fertilizer. The rocks are ground to a fine powder before mixing with fertilizer. High capacity milling can be achieved by a ball mill. By using a classifier, the size of the powder particles can be adjusted to suit the further fertilization-making process.

Blending fertilizer with dolomite for safety

A granular product is preferred in the fertilizer market because it can avoid dust generation and lasts longer. Dust can be dangerous for operators and create a harmful working environment. To get dust-free materials, a blend of powder is fed into a compactor where two rollers compress and form briquettes. This briquette technique uses compression forces to remove and entrap air and mechanically bind the fine particles into larger, easy-to-handle material.

Transforming powder into dust-free briquettes

<h2>Bagging and packing fertilizer</h2>
Each end-user asks for a certain type of packaging when it comes to the granulated fertilizer and the bulk material is packed in a bag size that is suited for different demands. Smaller gardeners prefer a bag of one to two kilos, where a bigger customer might require 25-kilo bags. Then there is of course the industrial agricultural partner that requires fertilizer in big bags. For transportation, the bags are placed on a pellet in neat stacks by a robot, wrapped in stretch foil to protect it against possible breakage and spoilage.

<h2>Some Background To Synthetic Fertilizers</h2>
Synthetic fertilizers are artificially manufactured chemical compounds used to provide essential nutrients to plants. Unlike organic fertilizers, synthetic fertilizers do not contain any organic matter or microbes. Which are crucial for improving soil fertility and soil structure. Although synthetic fertilizers can increase nutrient uptake in plants. They also have several negative impacts on the environment. These negatives include contributing to water pollution and soil degradation. On the other hand, organic fertilizers, such as <a href="https://making.com/meat-and-bone-meal">bone meal</a>, contain natural sources of essential plant nutrients. Thus are able to improve soil fertility and structure by providing organic matter and beneficial microbes to the soil. Therefore, using organic fertilizers is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way to improve soil health and promote plant growth.

Synthetic fertilizer making videos

Fertilizer bagging and packing

Let's make synthetic fertilizer

Connect directly with world-leading equipment manufacturers and find technology to set up or improve your synthetic fertilizer production processes.

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Find production technology for Synthetic fertilizer milling, and connect directly with leading machine manufacturers worldwide.

Synthetic fertilizer milling

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Classifier mill for recovered carbon black

Flake crusher

Classifier mill for powder coating

Conical gentle crusher

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Nitrogen fertilizer

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Sulphur

Calcium carbonate

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